Coca Leaf
Erythroxylon coca is a densely-leafed plant native to the eastern slopes of the Andes. Coca is widely cultivated in Bolivia, Peru and Ecuador, but the lead producer is Colombia, currently the source of some 80 percent of the world's cocaine. According to ex-New York Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly, "Colombia has probably the best cocaine, the best heroin, and the best marijuana in the world. And the best coffee."Evolutionary selection pressure has favoured the natural synthesis of the cocaine alkaloid. This is because cocaine serves the coca plant as a pesticide. Cocaine powerfully inhibits the neuronal reuptake of the "reward neurotransmitter" dopamine; but cocaine is an even more potent re-uptake inhibitor of the insect-specific neurotransmitter octopamine. Octopamine plays a dopamine-like role in insects: it is released in e.g. honeybees in anticipation of a switch from one flower to another flower offering more nectar. Insects that feed on coca are liable to "overdose" on their own octopamine.
Monkeys, sloths and llamas sometimes make a habit of nibbling coca leaves too. The effects are typically benign.
Typically, coca thrives in warm, moist, frost-free valleys between 1500 and 6000 metres above sea level. The plant grows to a height of up to eight feet. Bushes are normally planted in nurseries, grown from seed. Harvesting normally begins in the third year. A coca bush can typically yield three harvests a year for another 20 years. Well-cultivated bushes in favoured conditions can be harvestable for 50 years. A few venerable coca bushes are reputedly over a hundred years old. .
Coca leaves are rich in vitamins, protein, calcium, iron and fiber. The cocaine content of the leaves ranges from O.1% to 0.9%; like the user, it tends to get higher with altitude. Diurnal fluctuations of cocaine within the coca leaf occur during a 24 hour cycle. High-quality dried coca leaves are uncurled; the upper surface should be dark green and the lower surface grey-green. Chewing coca counters the symptoms of 'mountain sickness' and oxygen-deprivation. The daily dose of the average coquero is around 200mg.
Chewing coca leaves with a dash of powdered lime is a nutritious and energising way to induce healthy mood without causing an unsustainable high. Unfortunately, it is not very good for one's teeth.
Stictly speaking, the leaves aren't actually chewed. Typically, the dried coca leaf is moistened with saliva. The wad is placed between the gum and cheek and it is gently sucked. The invigorating juices are swallowed. Lime-rich materials such as burnt seashells or a cereal are used to promote the separation of the leaf's active alkaloid.
Shamans from some traditional Indian tribes still smoke coca leaves for magical purposes. Inhaling the sacred vapors induces a trance-like state. Coca enables a shaman to cross 'the bridge of smoke', enter the world of spirits, and activate his magical powers. Alas the leaves don't travel well; and this ancient usage is uncommon in the urban industrial West.
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Refs
HedWeb
Sloths.org
Cocaine Inc
cannabis-marijuana.com
Future Opioids
BLTC Research
Cocaine Resources
Wirehead Hedonism
Paradise-Engineering
The Hedonistic Imperative
Colombia, Cocaine and the Drug War
Critique of Huxley's Brave New World
When Is It Best To Take Crack Cocaine?
The Good Drug Guide
The Responsible Parent's Guide
To Healthy Mood Boosters For All The Family
